Hamlet s Internal Conflict And Search For Justice

Hamlet faces challenges throughout the play that try his inner strengths and test his ability to handle the situation. He is torn between wanting to seek justice, and avenge his father’s death. Hamlet is also caught up in an intricate web of lies and deceit, he is considered mad by most characters when in all actuality it is just playing off of the actions of others to benefit himself. He puts on different acts trying to hide the truth, which makes him seem sincerely mad to the people around him. The truth of the matter is that Hamlet can’t decide whether or not his convictions are accurate. This dilemma ultimately leads to not only the deaths of the main characters, but the downfall of the kingdom. Hamlet’s Internal Conflict and Search For Justice Introduction Many critics question Hamlet’s sanity, and the question still remains unanswered. Is his personal search for revenge driving him crazy, or the fact that he has to put up a different faà §ade for numerous occasions to conceal his own doubt? Hamlet’s motives throughout the play seem uncertain, is he driven by anger to seek revenge, or is it a part of his mixed emotions in result of his fathers death and the corruption of Denmark? Shakespeare seems to suggest that Hamlet is intending to act on his impulse to avenge his fathers murder by killing Claudius, yet he also seems to be combatting some sort of bigger confusion within himself. Justice and Revenge William Shakespeare’s Hamlet revolves aroundShow MoreRelatedAp English Open Ended Questions For Exa5390 Words   |  22 Pagesthe author makes the scene effective. Do not merely summarize the scene. 1964: Frequently in novels, an important character violates the laws, the conventions, the rules of conduct of a society. 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Analysis Of Lurhman s Strictly Ballroom And Mitchell s...

In Lurhman’s Strictly Ballroom and Mitchell’s It Follows, both directors use colour and music to enhance the experience of the romantic comedy and horror genre films. Where Mitchell uses audio and visual cues to break the conventional style of horror films in It Follows, Luhrman’s Strictly Ballroom uses audio and visual cues enhance the romantic comedy experience further. Where It Follows, relies on visuals to tell it’s story, Strictly Ballroom uses bright colors and musical cues to reassure the audience that the two main characters will end up together. In Mitchell’s It Follows, he enlists the help of composer Vreeland to create music for his film. Traditionally a composer for video games, Vreeland’s music consists of the 8-bit type music that is consistently found in Vreeland’s main line of work. Whereas â€Å"traditional† horror films may carry orchestral music, Vreeland’s music is synthesized and therefore stands out because of it. In combination with his composer’s music, Mitchell also uses silence and natural ambience to further break the horror music stereotype. Where more popular horror films would use silence, darkness and loud sounds to help increase tension, Mitchell uses silence and music to do that instead. Vreeland’s music, which mainly contains higher pitched music enhanced by low beats, is mainly used during key moments that involves the Follower. For example, during our second introduction to It, the music consists of high pitched (flat sounding) notes

Sometimes It Snows In April Free Essays

string(97) " back with the intention of leaving, but just then we heard the door start to creak open slowly\." It was just another typical evening at Silver Town. Rowan, Shannon, Reeve, and I were five friends from Madison high and we were driving past Rose Hall (the famous haunted house) on that Halloween evening. The house lay in ruins. We will write a custom essay sample on Sometimes It Snows In April or any similar topic only for you Order Now Not a single soul had lived in it for over fifty years. There, it stood, alone in the hills, rising from the green cane fields. There were no other houses near by. It stood there day and night, all alone. Every one said the devil lived there and that anyone who slept in the house will die violently and mysteriously or survive, hopelessly insane. Nevertheless people did go into the house from time to time. We all went in as well but that was in broad daylight, of course. We visited the grand rooms and we went down the back staircases to the cellar, where Annie Palmer used to practice black magic and where the dark brown stain that was said to be the blood of her last murdered husband. Rose Hall was not a nice place at all. Even in bright sunshine the windows were broken and black with dust and grime. Every Halloween night the five of us, oh sorry I forgot to mention Mace, he has a record for violent disorder, well to me he has†¦. it as 2 years ago on an Autumn evening me and Mace went down to the new arcade arena, and for nothing Mace beat up a young boy in the toilets, I had to hold him back. Mace has always been a bit odd and he always picks on people for no reason. He may be a mad person, but he sure is my friend. Anyhow back to the story†¦ the 5 of us went down to our high school where other friends would come, and we used to have a Halloween party, sometimes everyone used to dress up as vampires and other weird things. But really, we use to get together with everyone and play games, sit around telling horror stories and mostly for fun. On that night we turned up to the party quite late and found every one busy playing games and talking. We walked in and found a round table near the corner and went to sit down. Just when we were all starting to get bored Shannon came up with the idea about playing truth or dare. We started to play and that’s when all the trouble started to come. We all wrote out our separate dares on pieces of white paper, folded them and placed them in a vase. We picked out our dares. First Rowan, then me, Mace after, followed by Reeve and then Shannon. One by one every one started to leave as it as getting quite late and it was only the five of us left and with one or two people that were on the other side of the hall. It all started when it was Shannon’s dare, I could tell it was something bad by the look on Mace’s face. Shannon’s dare was to go to Rose Hall, knock on the door and say trick or treat. At first we all thought that it was a very good idea and that we should all go trick or treating. It was really dark with hardly any one on the streets. All the little children had gone home and nearly all the lights were switched off. We drove up slowly and we could see the dark deserted house all there lone and it felt as though it was waiting for us. For some strange reason the journey up the hill seemed to take years and what more it was starting to rain, and not only that Mace was driving. It started to thunder and lightning struck, and then it looked at us, smelled us, it was as though the lightening and the fear from it was its light. The house never looked more evil, every film, nightmare, anything scary that makes me want to run under my parents covers when their not there flashed before my very eyes, It gave me the shivers and I felt that something inside was telling me; This is not right; turn back, evil dwells here†. These words were running through my head over and over again. At that moment I remember Reeve calling me. I told them to turn back the car in a very quiet voice. They all looked at me as though I was stupid or something. Then Reeve asked me what was wrong for the second time, but this time I didn’t bother as I was starting to get really scared. Nobody was listening to me. I thought they were all thinking I had gone mad. Just then I heard a whisper saying `I can’t turn the car’. Straight away I looked at Mace’s face. I heard him say it again to the four of us. This time he said it in fear. We all went silent staring ahead. The only sound to be heard was the rain. It was getting louder and louder as we drew closer and closer to the grim Rose Hall. In a flash we were there. It was dark. The rain had stopped now and I could feel a cold breeze rushing past my face; it did not feel like the normal winter breeze, it was a shivering breeze, an evil, deathly breeze. Shannon walked towards the door slowly. We followed behind her and it felt as though each step that we took towards the door was the last. `Knock, knock’ We felt the sound vibrate in the silence surrounding us. At this instant I grabbed Mace’s arm with the thought that something was going to open the door. We waited and waited till we all felt relieved that nothing was there to let us in. We all turned back with the intention of leaving, but just then we heard the door start to creak open slowly. You read "Sometimes It Snows In April" in category "Papers" Before we even had the chance to look back Shannon, had gone and we heard it. We heard the faint scream for help. My legs started to shake, I was weak, I felt as though I was at a funeral, my heart was soft, and I could feel it beat, it was fast. The tears were there. Rowan screamed and then she urst into tears and fell down on her knees. We could feel the silent night looking down at the four of us, helpless, knowing that there was no turning back now, but only to face the fear ahead of us. It felt like as though we were in the part of a film, a funeral, everyone crying, sad music at the background, everywhere you look there was sorrow. The door was left there wide open for us, and we knew that there was no way out. We made the final decision that we had to go into Rose Hall and find Shannon. We went in pairs: me and Mace, Rowan and Reeve. We all had the fear hidden inside us, but outwardly we showed raveness as we stepped into the forbidden house. As we walked in, we found our selves in the middle of the hallway with only two straight narrow paths ahead of us that were never there before. Looking at these paths we knew that one of these path would lead us home where as one would lead us to another world, the world we did not want to enter, the world contradicted by hope, but we did not know which was which. Mace and I decided that we would go right, but Reeve and Rowan wanted to go the same way as well. We sensed that we only had a short period of time and we had no time to argue, so I ecided that Mace and I should go left and let the other two go right. As we approached our paths we all turned around at the same time, and looked at each other, thinking that it’s the last time. I ran towards Reeve and my closest friend, Rowan, and gave them both a big hug, which felt to me as if it was bringing back all the memories of the five of us together with smiles on our faces. I felt Mace’s warm hand around my shoulder drawing me away from Reeve and Rowan. I remember Mace telling me that there was nothing we could do, except to face what was coming, we did not have a choice because, the door ad closed behind us. I managed to pull my-self away from both of them. We said good-bye to each other for the final time, and we started to walk. Our footsteps sounded very loud on the wooden floor. Everything smelt damp and moldy and there was silence as if many ears were listening to our footsteps. I felt as though I had been walking for many days without stopping, not realizing how much pain I was in, but instead realizing the fear. Mace and I started to walk faster, after a couple of minutes or probably hours, I began to feel as though I was reaching destiny, only not knowing what it was. Mace suddenly stopped. He grabbed my hand and pulled me back. We stood there for a couple of minutes and then we heard two screams. At first I did not want to believe what I had heard but I had to and I decided to go back for them. I didn’t know what was going through my head; I started to run as fast as I could until I tripped over something and for a minute I thought I was dead. I was sitting there when I felt something dripping on me. It was really dark which meant I couldn’t see what it was, but I decided to smell it. It smelt weird. It smelt like blood. Just then I let out the oudest scream that I had ever screamed in my whole entire life. I heard Mace’s footsteps coming towards me as yet I did not look up. He came and sat next to me. I remember Mace whispering in my ear and asking me what was wrong. I told him I felt something dripping on me and it smelt like blood. Mace smokes, so he always carries a box of matches’ in-case his lighter never worked. We were both sitting there and it felt as though we had given up hope. Mace took a cigarette out of his pocket and a box of matches to light the cigarette. When the fire flicked on the match something took it out. I started to get really scared; I knew something or someone else was in there apart from the both of us. I sat there silently, trying my hardest not to make a move, I even held my breath, and although it was dark, I closed my eyes. Those couple of seconds felt like a couple of hours. He flicked his match again and this time the flame did not go out. He looked around to see if anything was there, but he couldn’t find anything. Just then he felt something drip on him. He looked up slowly. I remember him being quiet for a long time until I looked up. It was a horrible site, a photographical site and memory, and I hate hinking about it. I was too shocked to cry or even say anything. I could feel my heart beat getting faster and my body getting cold and hot and cold and hot. It was Shannon. She was covered in blood, her eyes red and wide open, her mouth also open with her tongue sticking out, accompanied with her ever slow blood flowing to the end of her tongue where it built up only to drip, there was blood all over her body, and there was only distinguishable as a pole trusted in her belly, flowing with blood, holding her, supporting her to the ceiling. She was a mess. All hope that I ever had was lost, it felt like a child getting its ost awaited toy and only after getting it, it was taken away, I felt what the people walking aimlessly in the desert with a dry throat felt, after running with joy at the first site of water only to discover it was a mirage. We couldn’t do anything apart from walking ahead. Every step felt like the last one. We walked and walked in total darkness, with the presence of our recent memories until our legs couldn’t carry us any longer so we both had to sit down. I put my head down and I remember thinking about what my family was doing and what time it was. Just then Mace told me to look up, he told me that e reached it; he told me that we have reached our destiny. Without saying a thing I stood up in amazement, speechless. â€Å"Mace, Shannon, Rowan, and Reeve we’re home†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ â€Å"Darling, wake up†. I opened my eyes so many people, my own people. `I’m home, I’m home†¦ Where are the rest where are they? ‘ `I’m sorry darling. They†¦ , they died in the car accident. Thank god that you survived’. From that day to this I don’t know how we ended up in the car accident, and I don’t know why I came back but Mace didn’t. Every time I drive past Rose Hall I hear the screams of Reeve and Rowan and still see the body of Shannon. Twenty-five years have passed and things have changed in the outside world, but I have not changed. For me my past is still living and haunting me. I have still not yet uncovered the mysteries of that night in Rose Hall. It’s a normal evening at Silver Town. Halloween night has come back to me again. And as I’m driving towards Rose Hall I hear again the same voice, the voice that I once heard twenty-five years ago but this time it is saying `Come†¦ come†¦ come’. I still don’t know if Mace lied when he said he couldn’t turn the car around, but I do believe that he is still alive and I am going back for him†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. How to cite Sometimes It Snows In April, Essays

Adults Going Back to School free essay sample

I would say that one stress I have (or I should say had) was being with my ex- boyfriend, he did not approve of me going back to school. It was a very stressful relationship in the fact that he was a very controlling person. He would tell me that I was stupid, or that I was going to fail or drop out. He would also make it impossible for me to use his computer to do my school work. I often feared that he would tear my books up.He would get physical and I would yell at him or cry. I however, had already decided that I wanted to go to school fulfillment. It was very hard for me to leave someone I love, but I do realize that being around my emotionally supportive family is what is best for me. They are very encouraging and proud of me and I think that is a stress relief all on its own. We will write a custom essay sample on Adults Going Back to School or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Another stress that I have had in my life is not having a home to call my own, it can be very stressful to not have a place to go and tidy and do normal daily living.I have had to get my bath in the park and sleep in my car, when I had one. I would get nauseated from being so stressed out about where we were going to stay each night. I would say that my stress was relieved a lot when I moved in with my brother. I now have a place to study and do my school work and perform normal daily duties. The only stress I have experienced there has been how to get back and forth from college because It Is so far from town, but I know that wings will work out for the best , they have already started to. I think finances and not having a Job has a big part In the stress that I feel right now, I get a headache sometimes Just thinking about It. One way I De-stress Is by filling out applications for employment and looking on scraggliest for cleaning Jobs. I know my stress will diminish a lot once my student aid gets here and I can finish purchasing the Items that I need for school and be a little more financially stable on my own.

The contextual environment

Type of Organization Paediatric well being is an important public health concern. The Children’s Medical Research Institute, (CMRI) is an example of an institution that deals with paediatric health. With its location in Westmead, CMRI is a committed paediatric research centre (CMRI, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The contextual environment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The agency conducts basic investigations on diverse areas. These include cancer; cell signalling, and gene therapy. The centre also focuses on research on embryonic development. The institution receives remarkable support from the federal government. There is a notable indulgence of community support groups. The â€Å"jeans for Genes fundraising campaign† is a newly launched support unit. It is one of the fundamental programs for the institution. Philosophy of organization The CMRI practices strategic fundamental approache s. These help to assist the organization accomplish its strategic objectives. There is a widely held conviction that comprehending the most critical inner operations of human cells is important. As indicated within the strategic objectives, this may lead to more innovative and better methodologies. Particularly, these relate to the paediatric diseases (Frank Nass, 2010). It has a proper corporate culture. Mission of the Organization The organization has a strong mission statement. It aims to establish and initiate the operation of critical research teams. The focus is based on the setting up of four research domains. In attaining such ambitious goals, the organization recognizes the urgent need for increased funding and capacity building. These are pertinent issues within its basic operations. The mission statement also emphasizes on the need to create effective collaborations (Gido Clements, 2009). The concept is already eminent within the domestic and global platforms.Advertisin g Looking for report on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Client Group Served The CMRI has strong commitment to serve the entire community. However, the focus of its research activities is on the paediatric confines. Ideally, this means that the organization seeks to launch empirical investigations (Schwab, 2007). Particularly, these aim at the prevention, control and the general management of most paediatric complications. Policies/Principles and Goals The organization believes that child health complications emanate from the adults. Therefore, it applies strategic research to help solve these challenges. The organization has had immense contributions to the developments within the paediatric health confines. There is an evident development and initiation of innovative empirical techniques in ensuring child survival. The research projects within the organization have remarkable global acknowledgement (Roberts, 2011). The research agency provides critical attention to the processes of human development and maturity. This is observable from the childhood. Resources The organization utilizes the knowledge and expertise of qualified human resources. The basic specialties range from management to the scientific domains (Federico, 2003). Indicatively, it recognizes the need to minimize its basic human resources in order to lower costs. There are also eminent plans to expand its physical buildings and infrastructure. The effective application of technological resources is appropriate for quality performance. Moreover, funding is an appropriate success factor. The Client Group Being Served Presently, most research activities promote good paediatric health within Australia. However, it is evident that these investigations have important implications on the developments within the global health scenario. The young children are the major client group served by the organization.Advertising We w ill write a custom report sample on The contextual environment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Management Plan for the Case Study Management Issues Environment Selection and Structure As a â€Å"Jeans for Genes† manager, there are diverse environmental considerations that I would initiate. The identification of appropriate development partners within the general public health domain is necessary. Secondly, real time resource outsourcing mechanisms are appropriate (Roberts, 2011). As a manager, I must be able to initiate the recognition of the significance of the new â€Å"Jeans for Genes† project. Identification and involvement of all stakeholders must be a basic priority within all decision-making processes. Quality Management The improvement of the â€Å"Jeans for Genes† project requires a critical observation and adherence to principles of quality management. As a â€Å"Jeans for Genes† project mana ger, I must emphasize and practice this strategic management approach. In accomplishing this task, it is necessary to address the present management gaps notable within the entire CMRI. Quality assurance programs and monitoring systems must be applicable (Kamerman, Phipps Ben-Aryeh, 2009). They enhance transparency and accountability. Notably, these are appropriate both for the financial resource management and in quality operations. Processes under the â€Å"Jeans for Genes† project must depend on sustainable and economic concepts.Advertising Looking for report on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, the manager must stress on the sustainable resource utilization and lowering of costs while increasing funding sources. Staff Selection and Support The management of the â€Å"Jean for Genes† campaign must observe strategic processes during recruitment initiatives. The initiative involves the proper definition of roles and outlining of core competencies required for specific jobs. There must be a health promotion officer and an accountant. The heath promotion officer will develop appropriate interpersonal communication equipment, (IEC) for the campaign. On the other hand, the accountant helps to design economical budgets for campaign. He must also engage in grant writing and inquiry. Since the organization seeks to minimize cost, it is also important to engage the services of an expert economist. Above all, it is important for the â€Å"Jean for Genes† manager to recognize the significance of high leadership capacities (Roberts, 2011). Budget/Resources It is vital to recognize the need to increase strategic collaboration. Moreover, there is an urgent need for external funding. In the first quarter of the 2013/2014 financial year, I must be able to cut the unnecessary budgetary costs. These might involve the reduction of operating and excessive employment costs. Apart from the existing support groups and funding agencies, it is necessary to advocate for more diversified sources of support (Federico, 2003). Personally, I must ensure significant minimizations in the budgetary allocations for staff entertainment in the preceding financial years. The engagement in community volunteering projects and intensive corporate social responsibility initiatives would be critical in outsourcing funds. Other donations including the office stationery, T-shirts and campaign garments may be appropriate. Time Management All scientific investigations require effective mechanisms for time management. Important time management considerations are appropriate. These include capacity building the â€Å"Jean for Genes† team on time management. Adherence to project schedules and implementation cycles is mandatory for the entire project team. As the manager, i must be able to establish significant budget sots and lower to half all financial expenditures by the end of 2013 project cycle. Apart from this, the project must be able to attract potential international donors by the end of this year. Selection and Sequencing of Activities Nature, Needs, Interests and Expectation of Selected Target Group Most children suffer from various health complications. These are notable during their tender ages (Stanford, 1999). The â€Å"Jeans for Genes† must focus on the initiation of critical investigations on these paediatric complications. Since the selected target group is the children, the manager must have dedication to transform the nature of infection trends amongst the group. The interests and expectations require urgent attention. Ai ms of Quality Improvement Project The â€Å"Jean for Genes† initiative aims to establish and initiate critical empirical investigations into the common paediatric illness associated with the human genes. In this project, there is need to conduct real time experiential processes based on the general humanity (Peper, Doorne-Huiskes Dulk, 2005). Global improvements in child health and eradication of hereditary or genetic health complications are some of the basic aims of the project. Objectives of Quality Improvement Project The quality improvement project seeks to utilize basic empirical knowledge related to child health and biological interactions. The process is critical in improving the safety and wellbeing of children and future adults (Kiess, Chernausek Hokken-Koelega, 2009). The initiative is attainable within the global perspective. There is also a need to effectively outsource and utilize basic financial and human resources in accomplishing these noble objectives. Exp ected Outcomes of Quality Improvement Project The project seeks to develop a sustainable methodology of dealing with paediatric infections. In addition, it must be able to initiate dependable empirical investigations within this field. It must achieve maximum and sustainable resource use. These are core principles appropriate within diverse scientific investigations. Sequence of Experiences The investigations within the â€Å"jean for Genes† project must collaborate with other global agencies in accomplishing their strategic objectives (Federico, 2003). The project must also outline clear roles and develop a strong mission statement. This aims to provide innovative approaches towards solving various paediatric health complications. Teaching/Learning Methods/Strategies Monitoring and evaluation processes are applicable in the enhancement of project modification. It is also appropriate for effective learning and teaching within the entire project team. Apart from this, it is si gnificant to observe capacity building and empirical or managerial quality assurance processes. Report of Personal Self Directed Learning and Reflective Learning Personally, as an intended manager for the â€Å"Jean for Genes† project, it is important to emphasize on the relevance of strategic management practices. The professional experience within project management enables me to integrate these strategic management skills within any setting. The experience is very appropriate for the development and achievement within the â€Å"Jean for Genes† project. Expected Outcomes The project must meet all its objectives within the indicated project cycle of 2014. By the first half of 2013, there shall be levelled budgetary expenses. The necessary employees must be obtained by the first quarter of 2013. A part from this, the project must obtain a set of potential donors at the beginning of the 2013 fiscal year. Generally, there is an expectation of an overall reduction and min imization of the targeted paediatric illnesses. Teaching/Learning Steps Some of the vital teaching and learning steps in this process include the application of needs assessment process. The logical project framework is applicable in the determination of teaching or learning requirements. Apart from these, monitoring and evaluation procedures also remain appropriate. Impact Evaluation Program The program must set appropriate deliverables and indicators. These are necessary in the period of project inception (Roberts, 2011). They are vital in the process of impact evaluation a monitoring processes. The management also assumes critical roles in the program evaluation. Clients Client satisfaction surveys are important in the assessment of the project impacts. The establishment of proper linkage mechanism with these clients is important. Generally, the utilization of external data on public health trends is also crucial (Federico, 2003). Particularly, this relates to the clients’ perceptions on the trends of paediatric illnesses. Staff The staffs are important internal stakeholders within any project. For purposes of internal evaluation, there is need for the establishment of proper communication and feedback mechanisms. The project must also evaluate the perceptions of the staff through satisfaction and welfare approaches. Personal Comments The Experience The position of a â€Å"Jean for Genes† project manager comes with a tasking yet educative experience. Nonetheless, the experience is critical for personal career and societal development (Roberts, 2011). The Value The value attached to this role and profession is immense. Particularly, this is in consideration of the fact that most basic processes here deal with human health. Generally, it is vital to protect the wellbeing of future generations. The Future It is appropriate for the organization to adopt strategic and transformative project management skills. The approach is important for future de velopment. Furthermore, technological applications must be pertinent components of future management initiatives (Roberts, 2011). References CMRI, (Children’s Medical Research Institute) (2009). What goes on four legs in the morning, on two legs at noon and on three legs in the evening? 2008/2009 Annual Report. Web. Federico, M. (2003). Lentivirus gene engineering protocols. Totowa, N.J: Humana Press. Frank, Y. Nass, R. D. (2010). Cognitive and behavioral abnormalities of pediatric diseases. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Gido, J. Clements, J. P. (2009). Successful project management. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Kamerman, S. B., Phipps, S. A. Ben-Aryeh, A. (2009). From child welfare to child well-being: An international perspective on knowledge in the service of policy making. Dordrecht: Springer. Kiess, W., Chernausek, S. D. Hokken-Koelega, A. C. S. (2009). Small for gestational age: Causes and consequences. Basel: Karger. Peper, B., Doorne-Huiskes, J. Dulk, L. (2005). Flexible working and organisational change: The integration of work and personal life. North Hampton, MA: Edward Elgar. Roberts, P. (2011). Effective project management. London, UK: Kogan Page. Schwab, M. (2007). Encyclopedia of Cancer. Berlin: Springer Berlin. Stanford, J. (1999). Paper boom: Why real prosperity requires a new approach to Canada’s economy. Toronto, Ontario: Lorimer. This report on The contextual environment was written and submitted by user Moderate Pheasant to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Theory of knowledge essay Essays

Theory of knowledge essay Essays Theory of knowledge essay Essay Theory of knowledge essay Essay Facts and theories are terms often used alongside one another, which imply the existence of a nexus between them, especially in the pursuit and ascertainment of truth. However, the correlation between facts and theories varies according to the area of knowledge in question. It is unclear whether facts help in establishing theories or theories help make facts sensible in the pertinent area of knowledge. Theories may be an antecedent to facts in one field, but the nature of another area of knowledge may dispense with the need to formulate a theory first. The purpose of this essay is to examine the nexus between the two aspects with reference to natural sciences and history. The analysis uses practical examples derived from the two areas of knowledge to demonstrate how the nexus between facts and theories takes shape differently in each field. Knowledge facts Facts are essentially what establish the veracity of a synthetic proposition. They are mind-independent states that render an assertion true or false. On the other hand, a theory simply refers to a wider framework that gives meaning to the facts derived from a pursuit of truth. A theory has to be backed by facts to be credible. That means that ones convictions about a phenomenon would not be deemed a theory unless there were facts that back the position. Particularly in natural science, any theory, no matter how it is elaborate, is incomplete and suffers from confirmation bias in the absence of germane factors that prove its truth. The integration of evidence and facts derived from credible experiments as well as reality help in weighing and ascertaining the veracity of a theory. It also helps in the alteration and modification of the theory on trial. Theories play a critical part in explaining the facts whose existence would otherwise be confounding. For instance, as regards human i mmunodeficiency virus infection (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), it does not suffice to say that it is simply an incurable disease. Leaving the statement at that would be disconcerting and unsatisfactory. For this reason, scientists continue to build upon previous research to explain how the HIV supersedes the existing medications. Facts help establish true theories about phenomena witnessed across the world, but there needs to be a distinction between pure facts and said facts. Said facts refer to declarations even in spite of all evidence to the contrary that something is an indisputable fact. The essence of facts is that there is no requirement to make a declaration to assert its truth. There is no theory that can be said to establish the veracity of a fact as it is not a synthetic proposition. Thus, the assertion that theories can help make facts understandable does not mean that theories can disprove facts. Unlike theories, facts are independent of extrinsic manipulation, but theorists need to apply their mind to explain them. There are myriads of facts out there in the world all of which are not a linguistic expression of an idea and are mind-independent and therefore not meaningful. The facts just exist, such as the absence of a cure for HIV/AIDS. Interpreting such a fact entails borrowing from a theoret ical model in relation to something else through a comparative analysis that provides meaning to the fact. Knowledge theories Aristotle once suggested that theories are inherently digests of facts. The implication of this statement was that people simply go out and collect massive data, without formulating any theory. The theory is then derived from the facts obtained from the search as a way of explaining the discovered phenomenon. It is quite interesting that Aristotle suggested this as an explanation of what happens in science. Indeed, this would make the discovery of knowledge in natural science quite problematic, as scientists would have to go through the exigencies of gathering numerous data prior to sifting through it to discover where the theories lie. One good example of how Aristotles suggestion would work would be examining populations across the United States, gathering vast data in order to notice that the incremental use of depleted uranium (DU) has an adverse impact on the environment and humans. DU is principally a radioactive heavy metal that has high toxicity levels that can invoke multipl e health conditions. Afterward, from a series of deductions that lead back to this hypothesis, one would have formulated the theory that people exposed to DU in one way or another will suffer from a suite of health conditions. This, however, is not the way the scientific discovery of knowledge works. In natural science, facts are not an antecedent to theories. Unlike Aristotle, facts are by their essence digests of theories in science. For instance, a scientific study into the impact of DU on humans stems from a hypothesis that DU, as a radioactive material, is injurious to human health. Afterward, the scientific researcher will initiate an empirical study to prove or disprove this tentative position. The outcome of the study, whether it proves the hypothesis correct or incorrect, is a truth that is unaffected by the theory being tested. That means that the hypothesis is not a determinant of the research result. In this example, the impact of DU usage on the human body persists in spite of the existence or absence of any theory that links the two variables. In essence, this shows that the fact, which is the outcome of this study, is entirely autonomous from the hypothesis. If the study demonstrates that there is a positive nexus between the utilization of DU in the United States and negative health outcomes, then this vindicates the hypoth esis. However, where the study demonstrates that there is no relationship between the incremental application of DU and health issues, then this will result in the abandonment of the hypothesis. It may be very well that the outcome of the study prompts the researcher to modify the hypothesis. Rather than repeating the original hypothesis, the researcher may assert that if DU is deployed at existing levels, then it cannot lead to negative health outcomes. Areas of Knowledge The discovery of knowledge in history sometimes takes a different pathway than in natural science. In fact, the model applied in this area of knowledge is reminiscent of Aristotles proposal. It is possible for archaeologists to go out into a historical site in search of unspecified artifacts and uncover information about a historical era. Afterward, this discovery will enable them to arrive at deductions that lead back to a specific theory. However, this does not necessarily mean that predictive hypotheses are impossible in history. Indeed, an archaeologist seeking to uncover a pyramid pretty much has a preconceived idea and hypothesis of what one would find. The existence of the pyramid or the nature of the artifacts discovered in the search will help to either prove or disprove their initial hypothesis. If the historian finds the site in one way or the other, then it would be necessary to draw from existing theories or formulate new ones to explain the discovery. For instance, the existence of additional bodies alongside the Pharaoh is an indication of the Egyptian custom where nobles were buried with all their servants to cater to them in the afterlife. In this way, theories will help an archaeologist to make sense of the artifacts and bodies in the newly uncovered tomb. From the preceding discussion, it is decipherable that facts are critical in establishing theories in both history and natural science areas of knowledge. Alternatively, theorists are necessary to make sense of facts. Facts are innately mind-independent phenomena that are not meaningful in the absence of a theoretical framework that would help explain them. Without theories, facts would simply lie out there in the world as immutable truths, but they would neither be meaningful or useful to people. For instance, the lack of an HIV/AIDS cure is an indisputable fact, but the absence of theories that explain how existing and emergent treatments cannot eliminate HIV would render this fact entirely confounding. Likewise, uncovering a tomb in Egypt with additional bodies without alluding to knowledge about ancient Egyptian customs would make the discovery confusing to archaeologists. Fortunately, there are existing and emergent theories that help explain different phenomena, even as facts h elp to prove and disprove theories.

Political Communication in the Global Age - Does political advertising Essay

Political Communication in the Global Age - Does political advertising undermine or support democracy - Essay Example Most of their competitive campaigns include huge numbers of advertisements and negative appeal. Such campaigns can overwhelm voters. It makes them think these communications are manipulative and may turn them off. However, at the same time, such communications and campaigns are responsible for giving people access to information, keeping them up to date and engaged, it mobilizes them, gives them choice, gives them freedom, help those who are politically unsophisticated and bring many other advantages that positively impact democracy. Political advertising supports democracy by giving people choice and access to information as it is but to enable it to facilitate order and democracy even more, it should be driven by some regulations. More research needs to be carried out to identify gaps in political advertising versus democracy. When customers are in the process of making a decision about a commercial product – whether to buy it or not; they need to have information about that product. Better yet, they should be able to engage and interact with the product to get a better idea about it. In my opinion, having this information makes these customers powerful and facilitates decision-making. However, whether this decision is the â€Å"best† one or not is unclear until customers actually start using a product after purchase. Similarly, before voting, customers might need relevant information to be able to vote. At the same time however, well-equipped and even better funded candidates and political parties can devastate the voter with their political advertising campaigns that may include negative, competitive and attack ads. This paper will look at the arguments for and against political advertising and its relationship with democracy. It will then conclude whether political advertising undermines or supports democracy. To give readers a head start, the following section will explain what political advertising is and how, as a marketing tool,